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Bonsai is a Japanese art form using miniature trees grown in containers. Similar practices exist in other cultures, including the Chinese tradition of ''penjing'' from which the art originated, and the miniature living landscapes of Vietnamese ''hòn non bộ'', but this article describes the Japanese tradition. The Japanese art of bonsai dates back over a thousand years, and has evolved its own unique aesthetics and terminology. A key design practice in bonsai is a set of commonly understood, named styles that describe canonical tree and setting designs. These well-known styles provide a convenient shorthand means for communicating about existing bonsai and for designing new ones. ==Concept of styles== Styles can be grouped based on different criteria, such as the trunk orientation or the number of trunks in the bonsai specimen. Some of the major style groupings include: * Trunk orientation. A frequently used set of styles describe the orientation of the bonsai tree's main trunk. Different terms are used for a tree with its apex directly over the center of the trunk's entry into the soil (these are the upright styles, including ''chokkan'' and ''moyogi''), slightly to the side of that center (e.g., ''sho-shakan''), deeply inclined to one side (e.g., ''chu-shakkan'' and ''dai-shakkan''), and inclined below the point at which the trunk of the bonsai enters the soil (the cascade or ''kengai'' styles). * Trunk and bark surface. A number of styles describe the trunk shape and bark finish. For example, a bonsai with a twisted trunk is ''nebikan'', and one with a vertical split or hollows is ''sabakan''. The deadwood bonsai styles identify trees with prominent dead branches or trunk scarring. * Trunk and root placement. Although most bonsai trees are planted directly into the soil, there are styles describing trees planted on rock. For example, the root-over rock style is ''deshojo'', and the style in which trees are rooted wholly within (atop or on the sides of) a large rock is ''ishizuki''. * Multiple trunks. While the majority of bonsai specimens feature a single tree, there are well-established style categories for specimens with multiple trunks. Within these styles, a bonsai can be classified by number of trunks alone (e.g., ''sokan'' for a double trunk from a single root, ''soju'' for two separate trees, ''sambon-yose'' for three trees, and so on). The configuration of the trunks can also be described by specific styles, including raft (''ikadabuji'') and sinuous (''netsunagari'') styles for multiple trees growing from a connected root, and the general term ''yose-ue'' for multiple unconnected trees in large number.〔 These terms are not mutually exclusive, and a single bonsai specimen can exhibit more than one style characteristic. When a bonsai specimen falls into multiple style categories, the common practice is to describe it by the dominant or most striking characteristic. For example, an informal upright tree with prominent areas of missing bark and trunk scarring will be described as a ''sharimiki'' rather than a ''moyogi''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bonsai styles」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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